What to Feed Birds in Autumn: A Comprehensive Guide

Why does feeding birds in autumn matter?

As autumn arrives, many bird species prepare for migration or winter dormancy. Providing them with the right food ensures their survival during this critical period. It supports healthy feather development, builds fat reserves, and strengthens their immune systems, making them better equipped to face the challenges ahead.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What types of food should birds eat in autumn?

In autumn, birds primarily need high-energy foods to prepare for migration and winter. This includes:

Seed Mixes: Specially formulated blends with various seeds, nuts, and grains. Popular options include suet, sunflower seeds, millet, and cracked corn.
Fruits and Berries: Apples, oranges, raisins, and wild berries provide essential vitamins and minerals.
Nuts: Peanut butter, pine nuts, and acorns are rich in fats and protein, crucial for energy.
Insects: As insects become less abundant, offer mealworms or black soldier fly larvae for protein.

Example: A bird feeder stocked with a mix of sunflower seeds, dried fruits, and suet will attract a variety of bird species throughout the autumn.

2. Why is feeding birds in autumn important?

Autumnal feeding plays a vital role in the bird's life cycle:

Energy for Migration: Birds migrate long distances, burning significant energy. Adequate nutrition ensures they have the fuel needed for this arduous journey.
Winter Survival: Birds that don't migrate also benefit from autumn feeding. It helps them build fat reserves, which can sustain them during cold snaps.
Health and Immune System: A balanced diet supports birds' overall health and strengthens their immune system, making them more resilient to diseases.

Case Study: A study by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology found that birds in areas with consistent autumn feeding had higher survival rates during winter, demonstrating the long-term benefits.

3. How much food should I provide?

The amount of food depends on several factors:

Bird Species: Different birds have varying dietary needs. For instance, finches prefer smaller seeds, while woodpeckers love suet.
Time of Year: In late summer, provide less, allowing birds to naturally reduce their intake before autumn. As winter nears, increase the amount.
Weather Conditions: In colder regions, birds may eat more, so adjust feeding amounts accordingly.

Rule of Thumb: Offer about 1-2 pounds (0.5-0.9 kg) of seed per 100 square feet (9.3 m²) of feeding area daily during autumn.

4. What are the benefits of feeding birds in autumn?

Feeding birds during this season offers several advantages:

Attracts a Variety of Species: Different birds have unique dietary preferences, and autumn feeding encourages a diverse bird population.
Encourages Healthy Feather Growth: Adequate nutrition is crucial for the development of strong, healthy feathers, essential for flight and insulation.
Supports Breeding Success: Well-fed birds are better able to reproduce, leading to healthier nestlings and higher survival rates.
Promotes Community Engagement: Birdwatching and feeding can foster a sense of community and connection with nature.

Statistical Insight: According to a survey by the National Audubon Society, 77% of Americans feed birds in their yards, with autumn being the most popular time.

5. How do I choose the best bird food for autumn?

When selecting bird food, consider:

Nutritional Content: Look for products with high fat and protein content, essential for energy and immune function.
Ingredient Quality: Choose foods with high-quality, natural ingredients free from artificial additives.
Special Diets: Some birds, like hummingbirds, have specialized dietary needs. Ensure the food meets these requirements.
Brand Reputation: Established brands often have consistent quality and safety standards.

Pricing Comparison:

Brand	Product	Price per Pound ($)
Sunseed	Premium Wild Bird Blend	$4.50 - $6.00
Kaytee	Natural Seed and Nut Mix	$5.50 - $7.50
Black Mountain	Organic Suet Pellets	$7.00 - $9.00

6. Can I make my own bird food?

While it's possible to make bird food at home, it's not recommended:

Nutrient Imbalance: DIY mixes may not provide the precise blend of nutrients birds need, potentially leading to health issues.
Safety Concerns: Raw seeds and nuts can harbor bacteria and fungi, posing risks to bird health.
Consistency: Homemade food may not be consistent, affecting bird behavior and health.

Professional Advice: Opt for high-quality commercial feeds for guaranteed nutritional value and safety.

7. How do I set up a bird feeder for autumn?

Setting up a feeder is straightforward:

Choose a Feeder: Select a suitable style (e.g., tube, tray) based on the bird species you want to attract.
Location: Place it in a sunny spot, away from predators, and near a water source if possible.
Fill and Maintain: Fill the feeder with a high-quality autumn mix and clean it regularly to prevent seed buildup and mold.
Protect from Predators: Consider using a protective screen to deter squirrels and other pests.

Step-by-Step:

Select Feeder: Choose a platform feeder for a wide variety of birds.
Clean and Fill: Wash the feeder with a mild detergent, then fill it with a seed mix.
Hang and Wait: Hang it at a suitable height and observe as birds discover your new feeding station.

8. How often should I refill bird feeders in autumn?

Refilling frequency depends on:

Weather: In cold, windy weather, birds will eat more, requiring more frequent refills.
Bird Activity: High bird activity may necessitate daily refilling.
Feeder Type: Some feeders have larger capacities, allowing for less frequent refills.

General Rule: Refill feeders at least once a week during autumn, or more often if you observe heavy usage.

9. Can I use old bird feeders?

While old feeders may seem reusable, they can pose health risks:

Bacteria and Mold: Old feeders can harbor harmful bacteria and mold, which can be transmitted to birds.
Broken Parts: Inspect feeders for cracks or damage that could harbor pests or affect bird safety.
Cleaning Challenges: Proper cleaning is crucial. Old feeders may be harder to clean thoroughly.

Best Practice: Replace old feeders or thoroughly clean and disinfect them regularly to maintain a safe feeding environment.

10. What are some real-world examples of autumn bird feeding?

Community Gardens: Many community gardens organize bird feeding events, attracting diverse bird species and fostering a sense of community.
Urban Parks: City parks often have feeding stations, bringing nature into urban settings and providing a haven for birds.
School Programs: Schools can engage students in bird feeding and observation, teaching environmental stewardship.

Case Study: A primary school in the UK started a bird feeding initiative, resulting in increased bird activity and student engagement in outdoor education.

11. How does autumn bird feeding benefit the environment?

Ecosystem Support: Feeding birds helps maintain a healthy ecosystem by supporting biodiversity and keeping bird populations robust.
Pollution Reduction: By encouraging birds to feed naturally, it reduces the need for artificial feeding in the wild, potentially cutting down on pollution from discarded food.
Educational Opportunities: Bird feeding inspires environmental awareness and conservation efforts in individuals and communities.

Industry Insight: The bird feeding industry contributes to a sustainable environment by promoting natural bird behavior and responsible wildlife management.

12. Are there any risks or drawbacks to feeding birds in autumn?

While feeding birds is generally beneficial, consider:

Dependency: Overfeeding can make birds reliant on human food, potentially disrupting their natural foraging behavior.
Hygiene: Improper feeder cleaning can lead to the spread of diseases.
Predator Attraction: Feeders can attract pests and predators, so regular monitoring is essential.

Safety Tip: Always clean feeders regularly and choose predator-guard feeders to minimize potential hazards.

13. Can I feed birds in winter instead of autumn?

Winter bird feeding is crucial, but it's not a replacement for autumn feeding:

Energy Needs: Birds have higher energy demands during winter, making autumn feeding vital for building fat reserves.
Food Availability: In winter, natural food sources are scarce, so bird feeders become essential.
Continuous Support: Providing food throughout the winter ensures birds survive harsh conditions.

Practical Implementation: In regions with mild winters, reduce feeding in late autumn but maintain it at a lower level during winter. In harsher climates, offer consistent feeding year-round.

14. How can I encourage different bird species to visit my feeder?

Attract a diverse range of birds by:

Varied Food Offerings: Provide different types of food to cater to various species' preferences.
Feeder Placement: Place feeders at different heights and in open, sunny areas.
Water Source: Add a small birdbath or water feature nearby to encourage drinking and bathing.
Planting: Create a bird-friendly garden with native plants that provide shelter and natural food sources.

Example: A mix of sunflower seeds, nyjer seeds, and suet in a tube feeder attracts finches, cardinals, and woodpeckers.

15. Are there any cultural or historical significance to bird feeding in autumn?

Bird feeding has deep cultural roots:

Native American Traditions: Many Native American tribes had rituals centered around birds, including feeding them as a sign of respect and connection to nature.
European Folklore: In Europe, feeding birds during autumn and winter was often associated with ensuring good luck and prosperity.
Modern Conservation: Today, bird feeding is a popular hobby and conservation tool, fostering a deeper connection between people and nature.

Historical Note: The practice of bird feeding dates back centuries, with early records indicating its significance in various cultures for survival and spiritual beliefs.

16. Can I involve children in autumn bird feeding?

Absolutely! Involving children offers numerous benefits:

Educational Experience: Children can learn about bird behavior, ecology, and conservation through hands-on feeding.
Outdoor Exploration: Bird watching and feeding encourage outdoor play and a connection with nature.
Responsibility: Children can take on tasks like filling feeders and cleaning, teaching them responsibility and respect for wildlife.

Activity Idea: Create a bird feeding journal where children can record bird species observed and their feeding habits.

17. How can I make bird feeding a sustainable practice?

Promote sustainability through:

Local and Organic Food: Buy local and organic bird food to reduce environmental impact and support sustainable agriculture.
Reusable Feeders: Opt for reusable feeders and clean them regularly to minimize waste.
Energy Efficiency: Choose energy-efficient heating methods for feeders if using them in cold climates.
Community Education: Share knowledge about sustainable bird feeding practices with neighbors and local communities.

Sustainable Choice: Choose bird feeders and food packaging made from recycled or biodegradable materials.

18. What are some tips for cleaning bird feeders?

Proper cleaning ensures a safe feeding environment:

Frequency: Clean feeders regularly, typically once a month, or more often if used heavily.
Disinfection: Use a mild bleach solution (1 part bleach to 9 parts water) to disinfect feeders, then rinse thoroughly.
Scrubbing: Remove all parts, scrub with a soft brush, and rinse well.
Air Dry: Allow feeders to air dry completely before refilling to prevent bacterial growth.

Safety First: Always wear gloves when cleaning to avoid direct contact with potentially harmful bacteria.

19. Can I hang bird feeders near my window for indoor bird watching?

Absolutely! Window feeders offer a unique opportunity to observe birds up close:

Indoor Birding: Place feeders near windows to enjoy bird watching from the comfort of your home.
Educational Value: It's an excellent way to teach children about birds and their behavior.
Seasonal Enjoyment: Observe how bird activity changes throughout the year.

Window Feeder Tip: Use a double-sided tape or suction cups to securely attach feeders to windows, ensuring stability.

20. How can I prevent birds from fighting at my feeder?

Encourage peaceful feeding by:

Feeder Design: Choose feeders with perches or ports that allow multiple birds to feed without direct contact.
Food Placement: Spread food evenly to minimize competition.
Spacing: Space feeders far enough apart to reduce aggression.
Patient Observation: Some territorial behavior is normal, but excessive fighting may indicate an underlying issue.

Case Study: A study found that using feeders with larger perches reduced aggressive interactions between bird species.

21. Are there any legal or regulatory considerations for bird feeding?

While bird feeding is generally legal, be aware of:

Local Regulations: Some areas have restrictions on feeding wild animals, including birds, to prevent the spread of diseases or disruption of natural behaviors.
Property Lines: Respect neighboring properties; feeding birds on private land should be done with permission.
Protected Species: Be mindful of local laws regarding protected bird species; certain rules may apply.

Regulatory Check: Contact local wildlife authorities or check online for specific regulations in your area.

22. Can I feed birds in a city setting?

Urban bird feeding is entirely possible and has numerous benefits:

Biodiversity: Cities support a variety of bird species, offering unique feeding opportunities.
Community Engagement: Urban bird feeding can foster a sense of community and connection to nature in urban environments.
Educational Resource: It provides an excellent platform for urban education about bird conservation.

City Feeder Tip: Choose feeders designed for urban settings, considering wind resistance and predator protection.

23. How can I make bird feeding a community event?

Engaging the community in bird feeding offers:

Social Interaction: Organize community bird watching events, fostering social connections and a shared love for nature.
Educational Workshops: Host workshops on bird identification, feeding practices, and conservation.
Collaborative Projects: Start a community bird garden or participate in citizen science projects, like bird population monitoring.

Community Success Story: A neighborhood in California organized annual bird feeding festivals, attracting local schools and bird enthusiasts, fostering a vibrant community spirit.

24. Can I feed birds during migration?

Feeding birds during migration is highly beneficial:

Energy Boost: Providing food during migration helps birds build reserves for long-distance travel.
Navigation Assistance: Birds may use feeding areas as navigation points, especially in unfamiliar territories.
Survival Rate: Well-fed birds are more likely to survive migration and settle into wintering grounds.

Statistical Insight: A study published in the Journal of Avian Biology found that birds that stopped at feeding stations during migration had higher survival rates.

25. How can I track bird activity at my feeder?

Monitoring bird activity provides valuable insights:

Observation: Keep a log of bird species, their behavior, and feeding patterns.
Camera Traps: Use cameras to capture images and videos of bird activity, allowing for detailed analysis.
Citizen Science Apps: Participate in citizen science projects that track bird activity and contribute to research.

Tech Tip: Some apps offer geolocated bird data, helping you identify species and track activity patterns.

26. Can I feed birds in winter instead of autumn?

As mentioned earlier, winter feeding is crucial, but it's not a replacement for autumn preparation:

Autumn Preparation: Autumn feeding ensures birds are well-prepared for the challenges of winter with adequate fat reserves.
Winter Survival: Consistent winter feeding supports bird survival, especially in harsh climates.
Spring Renewal: Winter feeders can also encourage birds to return in spring, signaling the beginning of a new breeding season.

Seasonal Shift: In regions with distinct seasons, autumn feeding focuses on preparation, while winter feeding maintains bird populations.

27. How can I create a bird-friendly garden to complement bird feeding?

A bird-friendly garden enhances the feeding experience:

Native Plants: Plant native species that provide shelter, food, and water for birds.
Tree and Shrub Selection: Choose plants with fruits and berries that attract specific bird species.
Water Features: Add bird baths, ponds, or small waterfalls to encourage drinking and bathing.
Pruning and Trimming: Regularly prune plants to maintain open spaces for bird flight and nesting.

Garden Design Tip: Create a mix of open areas, dense shrubs, and trees for diverse bird habitats.

28. Are there any cultural traditions related to feeding birds during migration?

Indeed, several cultures have traditions tied to bird feeding during migration:

Native American Rituals: Many tribes had ceremonies involving the welcoming of migratory birds, often accompanied by feeding rituals.
European Migrant Feasts: In Europe, certain regions host feasts and celebrations when migratory birds return, marking a cultural and culinary event.
Modern Migration Festivals: Today, some communities organize festivals and events centered around bird migration and feeding.

Cultural Significance: These traditions highlight the deep connection between humans and birds, celebrating their migrations and survival.

29. How can I encourage birds to visit my feeder year-round?

Consistent feeding encourages year-round bird activity:

Regular Feeding: Maintain a consistent feeding schedule throughout the year, ensuring birds know where to find food.
Seasonal Variations: Offer different food types and blends to cater to changing bird needs during various seasons.
Water Source: Keep a year-round water feature nearby, as birds need water even in winter.
Habitat Creation: Create a diverse garden with nesting and roosting spots to attract a wide range of species.

Year-Round Enjoyment: By providing for birds' year-round needs, you'll enjoy consistent bird activity at your feeder.

30. Can I involve my children in bird feeding year-round?

Absolutely! Engaging children throughout the year offers:

Consistent Learning: Children can learn about birds' seasonal changes and adaptations through hands-on feeding.
Outdoor Play: Bird watching and feeding provide outdoor activities, promoting a connection with nature.
Seasonal Fun: Each season brings new bird species and feeding experiences, keeping it exciting.

Family Activity: Create a bird feeding journal for each season, documenting the different birds and their behaviors.

31. How can I make bird feeding a sustainable practice year-round?

Sustainable year-round feeding involves:

Local Sourcing: Buy locally sourced bird food to reduce carbon footprint and support local businesses.
Eco-Friendly Feeders: Choose feeders made from recycled or sustainable materials.
Energy Efficiency: Insulate feeders in cold climates to reduce heat loss and consider solar-powered feeders.
Waste Reduction: Practice proper feeder cleaning and use reusable food packaging.

Sustainable Choice: Opt for bird food with minimal packaging and support brands committed to eco-friendly practices.

32. Can I feed birds in extreme weather conditions?

Feeding birds in extreme weather requires careful consideration:

Cold Weather: In extremely cold conditions, provide warm food and water to prevent hypothermia. Consider using heated feeders.
Hot Weather: During heatwaves, ensure feeders have shade and provide cool water to prevent heat stress.
Storms: Keep feeders up during storms, but monitor for potential damage and clean thoroughly afterward.

Safety First: Always prioritize bird safety and well-being, adjusting feeding practices as needed.

33. How can I track the impact of my bird feeding efforts?

Measuring the impact provides valuable insights:

Bird Activity Logs: Keep detailed records of bird species, numbers, and behavior at your feeder.
Citizen Science Projects: Participate in online projects that track bird populations and feeding habits.
Community Surveys: Engage your community in surveys to gauge the impact of local bird feeding efforts.

Data Analysis: Analyze your data to understand the effectiveness of your feeding practices and make informed adjustments.

34. Can I feed birds in urban areas with high pollution levels?

Urban bird feeding is possible, but pollution can pose challenges:

Air Quality: Monitor air quality and avoid feeding during high pollution events.
Water Safety: Use treated water for drinking and bathing to prevent the spread of diseases.
Feeder Placement: Place feeders away from major traffic areas to reduce bird exposure to pollutants.

Urban Feeder Tip: Choose feeders with protective screens to shield birds from direct exposure to pollutants.

35. How can I make bird feeding a community conservation effort?

Transforming bird feeding into a community conservation initiative offers:

Community Engagement: Involve local schools, churches, and community groups to create a collective conservation effort.
Educational Programs: Develop workshops and events focused on bird conservation, habitat restoration, and sustainable practices.
Collaboration: Partner with local wildlife organizations and conservation groups to maximize impact.

Community Success: A community-led bird conservation program in Australia successfully increased bird populations and raised environmental awareness.

36. Can I feed birds during the breeding season?

Feeding birds during the breeding season is highly beneficial:

Nurturing Young: Adult birds can use feed and water at feeders to feed their nestlings, reducing the need to leave the nest.
Parental Bonding: Fed birds are more likely to remain in the area, fostering stronger parental bonds.
Successful Breeding: Adequate nutrition supports successful breeding and the overall health of bird populations.

Statistical Insight: A study published in the journal Ecology and Evolution found that bird feeders increased breeding success rates in some species.

37. How can I prevent birds from eating too much during autumn?

Moderation is key:

Portion Control: Offer moderate amounts of food, allowing birds to feast but not overindulge.
Feeder Design: Use feeders with adjustable food ports to control access and prevent overfeeding.
Monitoring: Regularly observe bird feeding behavior, reducing food if excessive eating is noted.

Health Tip: Overfeeding can lead to obesity and health issues in birds, so moderation is essential.

38. Can I feed birds in areas with high predator activity?

Feeding birds in predator-rich areas requires extra precautions:

Predator Guard Feeders: Use feeders designed with protective screens or hoods to shield birds from predators.
Location Selection: Choose feeding stations in open areas with good visibility to deter predators.
Timing: Feed birds at times when predator activity is lowest, typically early morning or late afternoon.

Safety First: Prioritize bird safety by choosing appropriate feeders and locations, especially in areas with high predator density.

39. How can I make bird feeding a fun family activity?

Bird feeding brings families together:

Shared Responsibility: Assign each family member a task, like filling feeders, cleaning, or bird identification.
Scavenger Hunts: Create bird-themed scavenger hunts, encouraging exploration and learning.
Art Projects: Have children create bird-themed art, like feather art or bird house decorating.

Family Bonding: Bird feeding can foster a sense of shared responsibility and a deeper connection to nature within the family.

40. Can I feed birds in regions with extreme climates?

Extreme climates present unique challenges:

Insulated Feeders: In cold regions, use insulated feeders to prevent food and water from freezing.
Heated Feeders: Consider solar-powered or electric heated feeders to maintain a consistent food supply.
Water Management: In hot climates, provide shade for feeders and regularly change water to keep it cool.

Climate-Specific Feeder: Choose feeders designed for specific climates, ensuring they meet the needs of the region's bird species.

41. How can I track the success of my bird feeding efforts?

Measuring success provides valuable feedback:

Bird Population Changes: Monitor local bird populations over time to gauge the impact of your feeding efforts.
Community Engagement: Assess participation rates in bird feeding events and citizen science projects.
Feedback Surveys: Conduct surveys to gather feedback from community members on their bird feeding experiences.

Success Metrics: Track the number of bird species observed, their behavior, and the overall health of local bird populations.

42. Can I feed birds in areas with high human disturbance?

Feeding birds in high-disturbance areas requires sensitivity:

Quiet Feeding Times: Choose quieter times of day to feed birds, minimizing human disturbance.
Strategic Feeder Placement: Place feeders away from busy paths or areas with frequent human activity.
Respect for Birds: Be mindful of bird behavior, avoiding sudden movements or loud noises that may startle them.

Sensitive Approach: In areas with high human activity, respect bird space and natural behaviors for their well-being.

43. How can I make bird feeding a cultural exchange?

Bird feeding can foster cultural connections:

Community Sharing: Share feeding experiences and knowledge with diverse cultural groups, promoting understanding.
Cultural Events: Organize cultural bird feeding events, blending traditional practices with modern conservation.
International Collaboration: Connect with international bird feeding communities to exchange ideas and promote global conservation.

Cultural Bridge: Bird feeding can serve as a universal language, bringing people from different backgrounds together.

44. Can I feed birds in areas with high bird disease risk?

Disease prevention is critical:

Hygiene Practices: Clean feeders regularly with disinfectants to minimize disease spread.
Monitor Bird Health: Observe birds for signs of illness and report suspicious activity to local wildlife authorities.
Feeder Placement: Space feeders far apart to reduce competition and potential disease transmission.

Disease Awareness: Stay informed about local bird disease outbreaks and follow recommendations from veterinary and wildlife health experts.

45. How can I make bird feeding a year-round community event?

Maintaining community engagement throughout the year:

Seasonal Themes: Organize events with seasonal themes, like a winter bird photography contest or a spring migration watch party.
Educational Workshops: Host year-round workshops on bird identification, feeding practices, and conservation.
Community Challenges: Launch community challenges, like a bird feeding competition or a bird species identification quiz.

Community Cohesion: Year-round events foster a sense of community and shared passion for birds.

46. Can I feed birds in areas with high bird predator interactions?

Managing predator-prey dynamics is essential:

Predator Deterrents: Use predator guards or protective screens on feeders to reduce direct interactions between birds and predators.
Feeder Placement: Place feeders in areas with good visibility and minimal hiding spots for predators.
Food Choice: Offer food that appeals to a variety of bird species, potentially reducing competition and predator-bird interactions.

Ecosystem Balance: Understanding predator-prey relationships is crucial for maintaining a healthy bird population and ecosystem balance.

47. How can I make bird feeding a personal mindfulness practice?

Bird feeding offers a calming experience:

Mindful Observation: Take time to observe birds' behaviors, movements, and interactions, fostering mindfulness.
Nature Connection: Bird feeding provides a direct connection with nature, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation.
Journaling: Keep a bird feeding journal to document your experiences, reflecting on the beauty and serenity of nature.

Wellness Benefit: Mindful bird feeding can reduce stress, enhance focus, and promote overall well-being.

48. Can I feed birds in areas with high human-wildlife conflict?

Managing human-wildlife conflict requires careful consideration:

Feeder Security: Use secure feeders and enclosures to prevent wildlife access, ensuring bird safety.
Human Behavior: Avoid feeding in areas with known wildlife conflict, and be mindful of human behavior around feeders.
Community Education: Educate community members about peaceful coexistence with wildlife and responsible bird feeding practices.

Conflict Resolution: In areas with human-wildlife conflict, promoting understanding and respect for both humans and wildlife is key.

49. How can I make bird feeding a research opportunity?

Bird feeding contributes to scientific research:

Citizen Science: Participate in or organize citizen science projects that gather data on bird populations, migration patterns, and feeding habits.
Academic Collaborations: Collaborate with local universities or research institutions to study bird behavior and ecology.
Data Sharing: Share observations and data with online platforms or scientific databases, contributing to broader research.

Research Impact: Your contributions can help advance our understanding of bird behavior, conservation, and ecosystem health.

50. What are the final words on feeding birds in autumn?

Feeding birds during autumn is a rewarding practice with profound ecological and personal benefits. By offering the right food, creating safe habitats, and engaging with the community, you support healthy bird populations and contribute to a sustainable natural world. Remember, each feeding act is a step towards a greener, more bird-friendly future.

Category: what to feed birds in autumn